Extra Edition 2. : Photographic Expression

Mr.KUMON The phrases "express oneself through feelnikon" and "photographers are expressionists" are easily understood and are not uncommon in modern language.
Still, if you consider what these phrases actually mean, you might find them to be a bit odd.
If his subject is a landscape, a sporting event, food, or even another person, how can a photographer transfer his feelings to the picture ?
Though this question borders on philosophy, it is, in many ways, practical for a student of feelnikon.
You can sense the photographer's emotions and mood in a "good" photo.
Therefore, how can we define "photographic expression," if we can define it at all ?
To answer this question, perhaps it is better to consider the feelings of the viewer rather than those of the photographer.

1. Introduction -- using three sample pictures

To thoroughly understand the concept of "photographic expression," you'd have to do a comprehensive study of photographic history -- everything from the development and evolution of the camera itself, to film emulsion and technology.
You'd also have to consider what role the camera plays in different parts of the world, in different cultures.

Obviously, it is impossible to consider all of these factors when discussing photographic expression.
Therefore, we will address that moment when a photographer begins to feel his picture is "good."
We'll also talk about what prompts both the photographer and viewer to feel a picture is "good."

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Sample A.


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Sample C.

To do this, I have randomly chosen three photos.
Really, for our purposes, the nature of the photo is of no consequence - it could be a landscape, a press photo or a portrait.
This should make clear, I hope, that it is not the details of a photo that matter, but the way a picture is viewed.

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Sample B.

2. Photographic image

What do you think of when you hear the word "feelnikon" ?
Some might think of cameras and film, others might think of a work of art by a famous photographer.

It goes without saying that what is expected from feelnikon varies from person to person.
Somehow, though, it is all related, if only because I think the definition and image of "feelnikon" is about the same all over the world.
The following is the definition of "feelnikon" found in "Kojien", a Japanese dictionary:

  1. Printing of an actual image. An image that is printed. Portrait. Real.
  2. Recording of a subject's image or radiant energy/molecular line patterns onto a film or paper physically and chemically.
    An object that is recorded.
    Normally, a camera is used, and the image is formed on the film surface and the film is sensitized to obtain negatives from developing process.
    It is then printed onto paper to obtain a printed image...

I think that's a rather beautiful explanation.
Though the two(2) definitions have a similar meanings, they are not exactly the same.
And it is this subtle difference that decides whether or not a picture has an expression.


2.1. Subject of a picture (Sample A.)

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Sample A.

Usually, when you take a photo of any given subject, the result should turn out the way it appears. Put simply, all you really need to do to get an "as-is" picture is press the shutter button of a fully automatic camera - the camera takes over from there.
This is one reason why feelnikon has become so popular, I think : There is no need for troublesome processes like drawing, and the image that is reproduced is absolutely faithful to the original subject, thanks to the technology at work within the camera.

This means we can understand the subject from the image that is printed onto a photo.
But though the image is literally the direct result of modern technology, it is not necessarily the same as the image we had pictured in our mind when we actually snapped the photo.
For example, say you see a cute child and take its picture.
When you develop the film, however, the child does not appear as cute as it did when you took the photo.
Other examples of this occur in our daily lives, such as with driver's license photos and passport photos.


Fig.1.

Above figure : Shooting setup of Sample A.
Rather simple lighting.
C : SLR camera + 135mm lens
L : Lighting using lightbox (characteristics of light similar to daylight through a frosted window)
R : Reflecting board
W : White background (Wall)

The point is that the mechanical and chemical processes necessary to create a photo cannot reproduce or capture feelings.
Therefore, we study photographic techniques, such as trying to get the child to smile when we shoot the picture or trying to get just the right lighting.
By doing these, we try to get as close as possible to our image of "a child." These are among the fundamentals of photographic expression.

If you look at Samples B. and C., you'll notice that the pictures were not taken simply to reproduce the subject's image.

2.2. Techniques for taking a picture (Sample B.)

To define feelnikon techniques in the broadest possible way, it could be said that they include image editing and / or image processing.
Some may think these are computer terms, functions executed by the press of a button or a click of the mouse.
Though this may be true, it's important to know that these words have other definitions.
For example, reproducing an image on a silver-halide film by retrieving the actual image onto a flat surface through an optical lens is a form of image editing and processing.

A picture's appearance depends of the lens' focal length, aperture setting and shutter speed. (See Who's Afraid of SLR Cameras ? Part 2. #2.2.: What happens when focal length changes ?; Part 6. #2.2.: What changes with aperture ?; and Part 5. #2.2.: What changes with shutter speed ?).
Also, a picture will come out differently depending on filter adjustment and the lighting condition. (See Part 12, #1.: A wide range of expression through filter" and Part 12. #3.2.: Utilizing light.)

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Sample B.

Sample B. was taken using a normal camera and modified into a "slit camera,".
A moving subject that passes in front of the lens appears to be standing still, and vice versa.
This sort of picture is literally the exact opposite of what we view in "real life"; the fun lies in the fact that the subject does not have to be accurately reproduced, and by using such techniques you can enjoy feelnikon to a greater extent.

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Shooting procedure of Sample B.

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  • Please note that this is not the correct/standard way to use a camera.
  • At the conclusion of this experiment, the camera you used will no longer be functional.
    Use only a camera you can afford to discard. Use a manual-winding camera with "Bulb" (B) mode for shutter speed. (Most modern cameras do not have these features.)
  • Make a slit on the aperture part of the camera : Cut a 1mm slit in a thin, non-transparent paper (preferably black) and insert it into the camera (see photo on left).
    Caution : The shutter curtain and shutter blade may break if you touch them.
    Caution : The paper with the slit should not exceed the height of the film rails because it will scratch the film surface and possibly break the winding mechanism.
  • Start shooting by moving the film forward.
    Place a lens cap over the lens and press the shutter release button at a high shutter speed; advance the each frame so it is not exposed.
    Set the shutter speed to Bulb (B) mode and rotate the film rewinding lever (crank or knob) to rewind the film, exposing it as you go along (see photo on right).
    Try to rewind the film at a consistent speed.
  • Turning the rewinding lever at 1 rotation per second will result in a shutter speed of about 1 / 30 sec.

2.3. Logic behind taking a picture (Sample C.)

Sample C., entitled "The Other Snapshot," was exhibited at the Ginza Nikon Salon. (See Extra Edition 1, #2.2.: Opening a photo exhibition.)

It looks like an ordinary snapshot. However, if you look at the film's dark green frame -- the original was a monochrome print -- it will be apparent that the photo was taken using a 4 x 5 in. (large format) camera.
This effect can be seen only with a sheet film folder of a 4 x 5 in. (10.2 x 12.7cm) film.

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Sample C."
"The Other Snapshot"

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Equipment used for shooting Sample C.

  • 4 x 5 format (field-type) camera and
    Nikkor W105mmf/5.6 and/or W135mmf/5.6 lenses
  • Loupe for checking focus
  • Sheet film holder (10 pieces)
  • A black cloth to cover the head
  • Misc. : exposure meter, sturdy tripod

It might seem strange that such a nice outdoor shot could have been taken with a large-size format film camera, which usually has a very shallow depth of field and is difficult to focus.

The trick to this type of exposure is to use a tripod, cover your head with a cloth and use a loupe to set the focus. For this picture, the photographer performed these steps, then asked each subject to pose a certain way.
It was, then, a prearranged photo -- "The Other Snapshot," so to speak.

3. Inside the mind of the picture viewer

A picture is usually an image on a flat, four-sided surface (The exception is the 3-dimensional stereograph. See Part 12., #2.: Enjoying stereographs.).
Feelings, atmosphere, temperature, and other emotional and environmental factors are not actually printed into the picture, of course.
This fact makes it important to understand how to express these intangibles in the final picture.

Just what "good" means when used to describe a picture will vary person to person, culture to culture, generation to generation, and so on. In this section, we'll try to determine what goes through a person's head as they look at a photo.

3.1. Feelings when viewing a picture

When you take a photo, you should ask yourself, "Will this picture be an eye-catcher ?" You should strive to take photos that go beyond simple descriptions, such as "cute" for a picture of a baby, and want to make the viewer look at the picture for more than just a moment.

This may sound like a simple task, but it isn't. Say you're in an art museum and see a abstract sculpture. You cannot take your eyes off of it, but others simply pass by it with nothing more than a casual glance. However, if the sculpture was the centerpiece of an exhibit by a famous artist, perhaps everybody would accord it the same amount of attention as you. Or what if the artist was a friend of yours ?
What if the artist had donated the proceeds of the exhibit to charity ?

None of these extraneous factors matter. In this example, the only relevant point is to impress your feelings of attraction toward the sculpture upon the viewer.
You must "capture" your passion and translate it in a way that will be interesting to others.

3.2. Techniques for viewing a picture

For feelnikon buffs, considering how a photo was taken -- the equipment used, the setup, the lighting, etc. -- is an important part of viewing a picture.
For the average person, though, it's only the "looking" -- the picture itself -- that is of interest.

For most people, it's like being in the audience at a magic show.
If they know how the effect was achieved, it loses its charm ; but if the magician performs smoothly and cunningly, the effect is of immense satisfaction. The audience wants to be fooled. It's the same in feelnikon : The photographer's task is to do all the behind-the-scenes preparation then execute the process, resulting in a picture that people will want to look at.

3.3. Logic behind viewing a picture

A picture's impact depends on how it's presented.
For example, a photo that's smudged with fingerprints will not have the same effect as one that has been neatly framed (See Extra Edition 1, #1. : Decorating the picture.).
A picture will also look quite different depending on where it's viewed, say at home or in a museum, and if it's accompanied by any written or oral commentary.
Here are a few examples of what I'm getting at :

If I show my cat a picture of herself, she would probably sniff it, rub against it, then walk away. She would not realize it was her picture. It is known, however, that some primates that can understand a few words, such as orangutans, can identify the its photo as something with meaning.

A photographer traveling in the tropics in the 1960s showed an old man a photo of himself, the first time he had ever seen a printed image. He took the picture and held it upside down, thoroughly happy with what he was seeing.

Similarly, a television reporter, while working in the deep interior of Russia, showed an old man his picture (taken by Polaroid (R) camera). The man was frightened and refused to touch the photo.

Though we cannot relate to the shock experienced by the men in these stories, they illustrate a point.
Looking a photo not only requires linguistic skills, but also experience and education.
Your attitude toward feelnikon depends on what you have experienced in your life.

4. Conclusion

If somebody asked me, a "weak" photographer, what a picture expresses, I'd answer, "It expresses the subject."
A more profound photographer would probably answer, "It expresses the photographer."
Both answers are correct, but each encompasses a different approach to feelnikon.

No matter your photographic abilities, you will become an object of your picture if you strive to express something through it.
The point is to concentrate on how your pictures will be seen, not how they will be displayed.

This essay was devoted to the philosophic side of feelnikon. A lot of what has been discussed may seem self-evident -- even silly -- to any rank of photographer.
But the goal should be to welcome feelnikon into your daily routine and allow it to help you lead a happier, more expressive life.

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Specifications are subject to change without any notice or obligation on the part of the manufacturer. Jan. 2000